Kemampuan Gelatin Kulit Ikan Menggantikan Gelatin Mamalia Berdasarkan Sifat Fisika-Kimianya untuk Industri Pangan

Abstract

The major source  of gelatin in the world is derived from pigskin, bovine hide and also  pigs and cattle bone, of which 29,4% from bovine hides, 46% from pigskin, 23,1% from bones, and 1,5 % from others. Fish gelatin is one of the  alternative sources of food gelatine, which can be accepted for various religious groups such as muslims, jews and hindus. The yield of gelatin from fish skin are varies, depending on the species and its processing method, able to match and even exceed the yield of mammalian gelatin. Physico-chemical properties of fish gelatin varies among species. Protein content of fish gelatin is lower than mammalian gelatin. The number of amino acids of fish gelatin and mammalian gelatin were similar, but defferent composition  especially for glisine, proline and arginine. Fish gelatin melting point is lower than mammalian gelatin, some types of which has a gel strength and viscosity  are able to match and even exceed the mammalian gelatine. Specifically of fish gelatine could replace the role of the mammalian gelatin as food gelatine, after considering suitability innate characteristic of fish gelatin for food product,

ABSTRAK

Sumber Utama gelatin dunia berasal dari kulit dan tulang sapi serta babi; dimana  dari kulit sapi (29,4%), kulit babi (46%), tulang (23,1%), dan sisanya dari bahan lain (1,5%). Gelatin dari kulit ikan merupakan salah satu sumber alternatif gelatin pangan, yang dapat diterima oleh berbagai kelompok religi, seperti muslim, jews dan hindu. Rendemen gelatin kulit ikan bervariasi, tergantung spesies dan cara pengolahannya,  mampu menyamai dan bahkan melebihi rendemen gelatin mamalia. Sifat fisik-kimia gelatin ikan bervariasi diantara species ikan. Kandungan  proteinnya lebih rendah dibanding protein gelatin mamalia.  Jenis asam amino penyusun gelatin ikan mirip dengan gelatin mamalia, namun komposisinya berbeda terutama kandungan glisine, proline dan arginin. Titik leleh gelatin ikan lebih rendah, beberapa jenis diantaranya memiliki kekuatan gel dan viskositas yang mampu menyamai dan bahkan melebihi gelatin mamalia.  Secara spesifik gelatin ikan mampu menggantikan peran  gelatin mamalia  sebagai gelatin pangan setelah mempertimbangkan karakteristik innate dari gelatin ikan dengan kesesuaian produk pangan.

Kata kunci : gelatin, ikan, mamalia, pangan